Wednesday, February 22, 2023

Vote of Thanks for the Diaconal Ordination Mass

Vossa eminencia Dom Filipe Neri Ferrão, Cardeal-Patriarca das Índias Orientaes, Arcebispo de Goa e Damão, reverendos senhores padres, reverendas irmãs religiosas, excelentissimos senhoras e senhores, quem são em Cristo, nosso senhor, todos meus irmãs e irmãoes.

I could very well begin and conclude in a single line by thanking you all for being here on this special day for me. But I have an extended list of people to thank, a whole life to recount, and I promise you that this is going to be long, very long.

To begin with I must thank God, the God of my joy, for having called me to major orders, and hopefully, a little more than a year from now, the priesthood.

God the Father, gives his name to the family, and it is first to my family that I turn to give thanks. My mother laid the ground for a very sensible spirituality very early in my life. I recollect quite clearly my mother telling me that prayer is but a conversation with God and I could do it anytime, anywhere, and indeed, everywhere. This ensured early colloquies, and a conversational relationship, with God, and for this I cannot thank her enough. That, and the memory of her putting me to sleep by singing “Maiden Mother meek and mild, take oh take me for thy child”.

My poor brother Joel bore the brunt of my childish viciousness, as I would edge him out, kick his shins so that I got to ring the bell, or do other important stuff while we were altar servers in Panjim church. For your early, and dare I say continuing, patient suffering Joel, be assured that you have gained some spiritual credit in aiding a (potentially) priestly vocation.

My poor brother Joshua had his own fair share of weirdness to deal with as my fascination for liturgy took unusual forms as we were growing up. I realised that this had been traumatic for him when many years later, he saw me laden with ritualistic paraphernalia involuntarily shouted and slapped his forehead “oh no! not again!” Your patience too, dear Joshua, will – I have no doubt – stand you in credit at the time of judgement.

I come from two devout families and must thank them too. My paternal grandmother Armenia dos Remédios Fernandes wanted one of her sons to be a priest. As it turned out, none of them were called, and her great desire had to wait a generation until it has been partially fulfilled. Indeed, I credit her continuing prayers for having supported me thus far, and I hope in the future as well.

I recollect when we lived in Bangalore, when I was about 6 years old, I was blessed by the late Bishop of Mysore Dom Mathias Sebastião Fernandes, the cousin of my paternal grandparents, who remains an inspiration.

I am also grateful for the example of the venerable Carmelite friar Fr. Anastasio Gomes who was my father’s uncle. Padre Bottu once told my father “Blood is thicker than water.” Blood, is indeed thicker than water. Some years ago, while going through back issues of the Renovação I came across an argument which read like I had crafted it. “Who could this be?” I wondered, “anticipating my arguments by so many decades?” I kid you not, but my eyes pricked with tears when I read the name of the author Fr. Anastasio Gomes O.C.D.

Likewise, my mother’s family was not lacking in piety. We need to understand the context of Catholicism in Mangalore, where initially, the faithful were supported by certain more established families, who hosted chapels in their homes and around whom the community congregated. My grandmother, Martha Goveas came from one such family – the Souza Porobs, and perhaps also for this reason was a model of piety, and Christian charity. She was insistent when we went to Mangalore on holidays that we say the angelus in the evening. Then there is my aunt Winnie. I recollect from my holidays in Mangalore, that while I lazed in bed, one eye open, she would have woken up early spending some time upright in bed immediately after waking up while she made her devotions. Like her mother, she too has spent her life in devoted living for others. There was the example of the devout Coutinhos of Kalladka. The evening rosary in their house was like the opening scene of Visconti’s film Il Gattopardo. Above all, however, is the memory of my mother’s paternal uncle, the martyred Jesuit Fr. Alphonse Goveas, who was – through my mother’s talk about him – an inspiration that took me to Bihar and was instrumental in my early contemplation of the priesthood. Way back in 2000, soon after I graduated from the National Law School, I did contemplate the Jesuits, and in fact spent a year working there to check them out up close, but that route was not what God in His providence had in mind for me.

It takes more than a family to raise a child, however. It takes a village, and there are a few people, to the great injustice to many others, that I would like to give thanks to today. The first, my next-door neighbour, and fortunately for me a parishioner of Aldona today, Mrs Armida Alberto. I would practically live in her house on holidays and whenever I recite the angelus in the noon today – I have the image of her saying the angelus at noon time fixed firmly in my head. Another neighbour whose devout lifestyle impressed me early one was the wife of the late Maestro Antonio Figuereido.  It is for this reason that I have encouraged so many to bring children to this ordination mass – it allows them to fixate things in their subconscious, memories that will eventually bring them back into the church.

I went through something of a rebellious phase in my teens and thought that the most important part of the Mass was the homily (For those who still haven’t got the memo, it isn’t). A co-worker at the Goa Foundation, Nancy, on hearing this pronouncement gently responded “Really? Let him take his time, he will realise later on.” I have lost touch with Nancy, but thank her in absentia for this patient and kindly response, which, I have no doubt, got me thinking about the value of the mass itself.

He may have his critics, but the late Mons. Carmo da Silva, as parish priest of Panjim was an inspiration, and even now I can recollect the great dignity with which he vested and prepared for Mass. There were also other diocesan priests who have gone to their rest, and I think of, in particular, my very dear friend Fr. Francisco Caldeira, whom I thank for the wonderfully inspiring conversations we had! You see those of us Goans who become priests walk in the footsteps of the giants of our race – accomplished, erudite men who laid the foundations for a civilisation!

The community that gathered around the English language mass at Panjim church, and especially Guilhermine Vaz, her sisters and the others who were members of the choir, provided a spirited environment in which to grow. In fact, the hymn we heard at the offertory, was one that we sang on Mission Sunday many years ago. I was the prophet Samuel, and Vasco Dias, with his lovely baritone voice was God. That hymn just grabbed me then, and look where I am today!

And then I must thank the members of various Jesuit communities starting with the late Fr Austin Reinboth, Fr John De Mello, the late Fr. Paul Jackson of the Patna Province, who corresponded with me as a boy. Once again, I must thank my mother for making contact with them way back in the late 80s or early 90s. I remember also the late Fr. Keiss from the Goa province.

Another religious who was influential was the Salesian Fr. Ian Figuereido. Hearing him preach at the shrine of Our Lady of Fatima in Panjim, I would often think to myself, “I have a similar fire burning within me, and I want to be like that”! God willing, I can now set the world on fire with the Word.

Sometime after I settled down in Lisbon, say the year 2011, the thoughts of the priesthood returned and it is the Capela do Rato that offered me the port at which I could finally dock and nurture my relationship with Mother Church, as well as the vocation to the priesthood. For this I thank my friends Luis Mah, Marina Costa Lobo, and Ângela Barreto Xavier, who were all instrumental in my going to the Capela do Rato. Indeed, it is a particular delight for me to recognise the presence of Ângela, and her brother Carlos – who directs one of the choirs at the Capela – in the congregation here today! Thanks must also be rendered to Dom Tolentino Cardinal Mendonça who was chaplain at the time. It was at the Capela that I was confirmed as a Catholic, and I received excellent instruction from the late Deacon José Alberto Costa, who guided my pre-confirmation catechism and was wonderfully supportive of my vocation.  He promised to come to Goa to vest me at the diaconal ordination, and if he is not here today it is simply because he was called to his eternal rest first. I think of him every time I have the opportunity to return the Blessed Sacrament to the tabernacle. Following Dom Tolentino´s elevation, I found a friend in the succeeding chaplain Fr. António Martins, and once again I am grateful for his friendship.

And how can I forget Pe. Mario Rui Leal Pedras and Pe. Hugo Miguel dos Santos of the Igreja de São Nicolau in downtown Lisbon, effectively my parish church, and where I saw, and learned, how important good liturgy is. For those who are aware of the politics of the church in Lisbon, you will know that the Capela do Rato and São Nicolau represent two different tendencies within the Catholic Church, and many have wondered how I manage to embrace them both. But this is our calling as Catholics; to be bridge-builders. After all, isn’t this what Pope Francis is calling us to be through the synodal path? People who listen to each other, and walk together?

Another special moment of grace was the death of Pope Saint John Paul II and the election of the late Benedict XVI. At this moment I was called to actually read Benedict who was being vilified in the secular press. It was Solano da Silva who loaned me the first work of Cardinal Ratzinger and for this I am eternally grateful. In the writings of Ratzinger, and later Benedict XVI, I discovered the savant of our times who has proved something of a guiding light to me.

By the time I had finished my PhD in 2013 I was clear that I wanted to be a priest, and was clear that I wanted to serve in Goa, but the path forward did not seem quite clear. I knocked on many doors for advice. Finally, the Jesuit Fr. Tom Michel who I met at Georgetown University at Doha offered wonderful advice – “find a bishop who will understand your vocation”. That advice eventually took me to our Archbishop. I met our Archbishop because I wanted to discuss the proposal for a research centre in Goa, and midway through our conversation I realised “OMG! This is the man, the bishop, I am looking for!” I was right in my estimation of him that day and I am so glad for his support through this journey, and trust that it continues! His decision to send me to Rome, and the Pontifical Beda College, for formation was one that I am so grateful for since it allowed me to experience – to the extent that the pandemic allowed – the universal church.  

For those who are wondering why I have made such a big deal about a diaconal ordination, it is once again to our Archbishop that we must turn. Early last year he explained to me that it was at the diaconal ordination that one makes the vows of celibacy, prayer, obedience; and that the relationship one was entering into was like a nuptial relationship.

Well, if it was a nuptial relationship, given that I am being ordained alone, and I am not obliged to restrict numbers, why not give it the importance that it deserves? The diaconate is not simply a pit stop on the road to the priesthood. Fr. Philip Gillespie, the Rector of the Pontifical Beda College has repeated on numerous time that we should not see the priesthood as “the glittering prize”, but rather be attentive to the entire journey to the priesthood, and then beyond. Look at the priesthood as the glittering prize and be sure that you have misunderstood what the priesthood is about. This lovely book, The Heart of the Diaconate, by James Keating which I have been reading on the diaconate confirms that the diaconate is about imitating Christ the servant, the thrust of today’s liturgy, and it is an office that one holds throughout one’s life, even as a priest. Without the self-emptying of the diaconate in imitation of Christ, there is no effective priest. To undermine the diaconate, and focus only priestly ordination, would in some ways be to fall into the trap of clericalism, which so many good Goan priests have made a clarion call in the past few decades – some of them are sitting even now in the sanctuary and for their presence in my life as friends and mentors I am so grateful.

Through Fr Tom Michel whom I met at Doha I also met Fr. Damien Howard, now Jesuit Provincial of England and Wales, who has been a rock. More recently I also became indebted to Fr. Godwin Serrão of Dhyanashram at Mount St. Joseph in Bangalore who guided my month-long Ignatian retreat. There are many more Jesuits I should personally name, but I dare not for fear that you will genuinely run out of patience. I must not forget, however, my dear Jesuit friend Fr Richard de Souza who has accompanied me through discernment and priestly formation, and I hope will continue to be a reliable presence in my life when I need good advice.

More recently the Oratorians in Rome, the UK, and Toronto has been good friends as I have kept discerning just how my diocesan vocation will shape up. In particular I would like to single out Fr. Richard Duffield of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri in York, who has been instrumental in opening many doors to me.

I have to particularly thank our diocesan ordinary for placing me in Aldona, where I was very warmly received and borne with much patience by the parish clergy, Fr. Tomás Lobo and Fr. Michael Fernandes. To the many good people of Aldona who have been so welcoming of me, my sincerest thanks and my assurances to always pray for the wellbeing of their community.

So many people are choosing Aldona and the surrounding villages as a home, or location for their second home. The beauty that attracts them is not a beauty that automatically comes from the landscape, but from the beautiful people who live here. This beauty in turn, comes not the influence from the Portuguese, but from Christ. As my time in Aldona showed me, a village with a significant Catholic presence is a precious thing. Indeed, it is a manifestation of what St. Augustine called civita dei, the city of God. Aldona may not be a perfect manifestation, of the city of God, but it is a very good attempt at embodying this ideal. To quote Christ himself, “You are the light of the world. A city built on a hilltop cannot be hidden.” My dear Aldoncars, “your light must shine in the sight of men, so that seeing your good work, they may give praise to your Father in heaven.”  I particularly pray that you continue to shine from this hill, because dark times are approaching, and we will need your shining example to see us through them.

To those wondering how much longer I am going to take, I have good news; I am almost done. I must also thank all those who have been involved in organising the ordination today. To my mind this ordination has not been a solo project but a community project – gathering friends, family, and parishioners. Many friends have helped put this liturgy together. I would like to thank the Cotta family, and my friend Franz Schubert Cotta, for lending their voices to the liturgy; Sonia Sirsat for the hymns she has offered; Fr. Ramiro Luis for being the MC; and the priests who have concelebrated; Alfred, Jessiel, Jocel, and Richard for being acolytes; to Nestlin, Adrian, and Maxie of the confraria for their participation and support; David Silva e Fernandes for designing the coat of arms to accompany my motto; Joannes for organising the livestream of the ordination; Juliana de Sa for singing the psalm; Conrad Fernandes whose use of elbow grease brought shine to the processional silver that has been used in today’s liturgy; Flavia who has catered for the tea this evening; Avani for laying out the booklet, and John Colaço for printing it; Deepa D’Sa for her efforts for the ordination cards and arranging – along with her family – for the photographer; Enid and Zeffrey for printing the ordination cards; to the many members of the Parish Council, the parish service team, the men’s team, and the parish staff who have helped – Michael, Gloria, Gracie, Peter, Bernard, Henrita, Philomena, Mathilda, Santan, and our sacristan Christopher. Finally, I am thankful to all of you, for your presence here today, and those online. Some of you have travelled across our state, some from across the country, and some, like my brothers, from halfway across the planet. I must remind you that it is the support and prayers of people like you that support and have supported me on my journey thus far.

For those of you wondering why I have spoken about everyone, except my father Amor it is because I have saved the best wine for last.

If my mother provided me the context within which to address my prayers, my father was responsible for the form.  Let me put it this way, if Mummy was Capela do Rato, Daddy was Igreja de São Nicolau! Daddy was a Catholic of the old Goan order, and like them he performed his piety – going down on his knees to pray, crossing himself when he passed a church, walking devoutly in processions, saying prayers for the anonymous dead. Above all, he was devoted to the rosary, and would carry one in his pocket, in the folds of his handkerchief, which he would pull out whenever he had the time. It is to this devotion that I owe my own fondness for the rosary, which I started to pray passionately after he passed away. I’d like to see this devotion to the rosary as a grace I received through his intervention.

Daddy had a deep desire that one of his sons be a priest, and I regret not telling him before his untimely death that I was close to committing. However, given I was still dithering at the time, and that I hadn’t found the right bishop, I didn’t want to give him false hopes. In any case, he knows now, and I also credit his prayers with supporting my vocation. One last thing, about my father before I move on. Toward the end of his life my father became so devout, that I am convinced that had my mother pre-deceased him, he would have either moved to become a priest, or joined a religious congregation. Which is why I would like to point out that it is never too late to contemplate religious or consecrated life. My own life is a case in point. If you are forty, and single, then do consider religious or consecrated life. There is no better life than one lived not for oneself, but for others.

At the end, I would like to thank our common Mother, and for this, I have asked my friend Sonia Sirsat to please sing an Ave Maria which I am particularly fond of. Once again, I thank you all for your presence, your prayers, and your attention.

Tumkam sogleank Dev borem korum.

Wednesday, February 8, 2023

Saying Goodbye to the Savant of Our Times


It has been over a month since his funeral, and even longer since his demise from this world, but the heart still feels the void of Pope Benedict XVI's passing.

I did not start out as a fan of Pope Benedict XVI, on the contrary, at his election, influenced by the reportage in the international media, I was aghast that the “Panzer Cardinal” and “God’s Rottweiler” had been elected Pope. Surely this was a disaster I thought to myself.

At some point, however, I chided myself; surely as a scholar I had an obligation to first engage with his written works and then form an opinion about the man? And so began my felicitous encounter with his opus. I read one, and then another, and then many more of his works (I am still far from reading all his works) and was smitten.

There were several reasons for my conversion, and I will commence with the secular reason, for this was how I first approached him. My intellectual formation, since my time in the National Law School of India (between 1995 and 2000) was in what could be called the critique of modernity. Remember that this was the time when India had what I called its “Woodstock moment”. Many young people from the middle-class were in support of the Narmada Bachao Andolan, critiquing the mega developmental projects which were displacing communities and bringing impoverishment to them. I did not travel to the Narmada Valley like so many of my peers but restricted my support and engagement with the issue through scholarly engagement: reading, writing papers, and trying to understand the issue from a philosophical perspective. Modernity, I was convinced, as I still am, was a poisoned apple.

The result of this conviction, both personally and among my peers, was an embrace of the non-western (since the West was identified with modernity). As my scholarly career developed, I encountered Latin American and Southern European scholars who were also opposed to western modernity and proposed alternate models for our world. They offer concepts like ubuntu, and the Andean Pachamama in contrast to the certainties of the Western model. I soon realised, however, that these alternative models could not afford us a new way forward.

The critique of modernity often naively suggests that the non-western models displaced by western modernity are capable of offering peace to a divided world. However, there is much in these models which is offensive to the liberal values that we hold on to, even as we critique western modernity.

For example, these models are rooted in violence. How could I forget that the pre-Columbian Andean cultures routinely offered human sacrifice? Sacrifices prohibited after the coming of the Spaniards and the Portuguese to that continent? Just as they prohibited the burning of widows, and the killing of lower-caste slaves for occult reasons, in this subcontinent? The apparently pacific contemporary cult of Pachamama, and other such cults, therefore, owes more to the Catholic Iberians than its proponents would like to admit. The critique of modernity, therefore, was not providing any solution to the civilisational crisis that we were in.

It was at this point that I began reading the works of Pope Benedict XVI. In particular his encyclicals, Deus Caritas Est, Spe Salvi and Caritas In Veritate, which I now recommend to all – not just Catholic – discerning readers, and especially to you, dear reader. Reading these texts, I realised that I was in the presence of the savant of our times. Someone who had something to offer our world which seems to be increasingly spinning out of control. Benedict XVI was also critiquing modernity, he was, however, doing it from the location of Christianity, and suggesting – a suggestion I now wholly endorse – that Christianity can offer not just a critique of modernity, but a path out of the problems it has caused.

More interestingly, Benedict XVI was not simply proposing membership in the Catholic Church, or certain non-negotiable rules. Rather, I realised as I read the first volume of his biography of Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, he was offering a personal encounter with Jesus Christ. It is this encounter and engagement with Christ, he suggests, which is capable of, to borrow a Christian metaphor, turning our water into wine.

What perhaps convinced me instinctually then, which I am now able to reason out, is that the Christian faith, through the imitation of Christ whom the adherent knows personally, is able to deal with the question of violence. Violence is the central issue that plagues every civilisational model. Christ’s response to violence, was – through his death on the cross – to embrace it, an option adopted by Christians through the centuries. Where they have done so, their action has been exemplary.

And so, it turned out that my engagement with Benedict XVI's secular arguments led to a profound spiritual conversion. This was, I believe, because he managed the delicate balance between rigorous scholarship and affective tenderness, the latter born from his own love of a Christ who was personally known and experienced.

Benedict XVI was also able to critically intervene in another intellectual question that I had been wrestling with. He has drawn much flack for the role Europe plays within his philosophy, accused of being Euro-centric. But rooted in his appreciation of Catholicism, Benedict saw Europe as not simply existing eternally, but rather born from Christianity, or rather, a contemplation of Christ. Thus, when he engaged with Europe, or proposed Europe as a model, he was offering the Europe born from Christianity, not the Enlightenment project of bourgeois Europe that is itself in such a mess these days.

Through this nuance that Benedict brings, I was able to graduate my own critique of modernity. The position was no longer simply anti-west, rather it was critical of the bourgeois Europe that was divorced from Christ. For westernised Christians like myself, this nuance is useful in intra-Catholic debates, especially those among Catholics in India. Too many Catholics effectively wind-up embracing nationalism as their religion, when they de-westernise their faith practices. What we need to do instead, is to disengage from the modernity that has insinuated itself into Christianity and Catholicism. This is a delicate, intellectually demanding project, and we could have well done with Benedict XVI’s continued guidance through such a project.

However, perhaps Benedict XVI has done enough. He has left us a wealth of reflections, and more importantly an affective path through which to deal with this project. To once again paraphrase scripture, he has finished the race, he kept the faith. Now there is in store for him the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous Judge, will award him.

Adeus Papa Bento, rogai por nós. 

(A version of this post was first published in the O Heraldo dated 8 Feb 2023)

Tuesday, February 7, 2023

The Virtuous Reader

Some weeks ago I found myself in a Christmas celebration in Aldona and in conversation with a young man from the village. “So,” I asked him, “how you do spend your time?” “I read” he responded. I was delighted! Here was evidence that while the reading habit among the young may be dying, it is not, in fact, dead. There was another reason for my delight at this young man’s response and this has to do the argument for the cultivation of the virtues which I extended last month.

As I indicated in my earlier argument, the cultivation of virtue and the cultivation of the intellect go hand in hand. One cannot determine what is prudent or not, if one is unable to develop a wider (and deeper) appreciation of the world within which one is living. This appreciation of the world can be obtained through experience, but reading, as we well know, offers one an insight into the experiences of others, persons who are distributed over time and space, and thus one develops a knowledge of the world.

But there is something else about reading that makes for a good base for the virtuous person and this pertains to what we call the reading habit. Those who have this habit will know that reading is not something that we simply do for the pleasure it affords us; indeed ,at times the pleasure of reading is not immediately apparent. On the contrary, when we first begin it takes some amount of effort to stick with the text that is being read. One develops that habit of reading through persistence in the act of reading. One reads, especially in one’s earlier years, despite other distractions that come up. This is precisely the understanding of habit that the classical philosophers had when they discussed the virtues. To their mind, habit was associated with habituation, which is the repetition of the act so many times, in spite of inconveniences and distractions, such that the act eventually becomes second nature to us.

Too often in contemporary society we assume that knowledge is everything. One has only to provide people with information, or the facts, of good or virtuous behaviour and they will then act on them. This belief clearly represents a fundamental misunderstanding of how the human being operates. Knowledge itself is not sufficient, one has to act on this knowledge, and then act on it again, and again, and again such that it becomes so part of our nature that we can go ahead and act virtuously even though there are plenty of opportunities for us to act to the contrary.

What the development of a habit does is not only does it make a certain practice second nature to us, but also that it develops our will to stick with an activity, resist temptation to do otherwise. In other words we develop the virtue of perseverance. When we reflect on this, we realise that perhaps this is the reason why the studious excel. Not because they are smarter than others, but because they persevere long enough until they succeed.

It was for these reasons that when I heard this young man share that he had the reading habit that I was overjoyed, for it was clear in the way he spoke that this was a young man who knew what perseverance was.

My joy was somewhat diluted though when I asked him what exactly it was that he read. “Non-fiction” he responded confidently, and I soon realised that he was referring to that genre I have some misgivings about; self-improvement.

One of the reasons I dislike the genre is the way it embodies the utilitarianism of our times. It is interested in the human being primarily as an economic unit, of bringing in the most, or maximizing the utility, or efficiency of the individual. The human person, as the Catholic Church teaches, is worth more than the amount of value s/he brings to society. They have an inherent dignity and must be respected and valued even if they do not bring in an economic value. Reading self-improvement literature, I believe, seeks to prepare us for the market, as a high-functioning unit, focussing on the contemplation, not externally, on the world around us, but on solely on ourselves.

The (dis)connection between efficiency and beauty, or the Christian way, became obvious to me one evening in the course of a conversation with Fr António Martins, the current chaplain of the historic Capela do Rato in Lisbon. “Beauty is offering something more than is absolutely necessary. The moment you do something a little more than is absolutely necessary,” he said, “you enter the realm of beauty.” Having said this, I realised what he was also driving at, that the beautiful and caritas, or charitable love, are intimately related. Put less poetically than he did, efficiency, or doing only what is necessary is opposed to the pursuit of beauty, and eventually is contrary to the virtue of caritas, or love. Efficiency is concerned with the necessary, the beautiful and caritas are concerned with the giving of more than is necessary, an overflowing, born from love.

This overflowing is also captured in the famous saying attributed to St. Iranaeus, one of the Fathers of the Church: “The glory of God is a human being fully alive”. Looked at from a purely material perspective, this business of being fully alive involves a developing and reaching out to more than is absolutely necessary. In the case of my young friend from Aldona, and indeed young persons everywhere with the reading habit, a true development of the self, the business of being fully alive, would go beyond self-help books that look to developing elements of the personality that would make the more desirable to the market. It would embrace the habit of reading for the sake of satiating our curiosity about the world, for no obvious purpose. Reading things which have no obvious economic value. In this way the habit of reading would also embrace the virtue of charity, eventually transforming the reader, into the virtuous reader.

 (A version of this text was first published in the O Heraldo dated 11 Jan 2023.)